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Korean J Parasitol. 2009 Oct;47(Suppl):S69-S102.
Published online 2009 October 23.  doi: 10.3347/kjp.2009.47.S.S69.
Copyright © 2009 by The Korean Society for Parasitology
Foodborne Intestinal Flukes in Southeast Asia
Jong-Yil Chai,1 Eun-Hee Shin,1 Soon-Hyung Lee,1 and Han-Jong Rim2
1Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea.
2Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Korea.

Corresponding author (Email: cjy@snu.ac.kr )
Received September 28, 2009; Revised October 05, 2009; Accepted October 05, 2009.

Abstract

In Southeast Asia, a total of 59 species of foodborne intestinal flukes have been known to occur in humans. The largest group is the family Heterophyidae, which constitutes 22 species belonging to 9 genera (Centrocestus,Haplorchis,Heterophyes,Heterophyopsis,Metagonimus,Procerovum,Pygidiopsis,Stellantchasmus, and Stictodora). The next is the family Echinostomatidae, which includes 20 species in 8 genera (Artyfechinostomum,Acanthoparyphium,Echinochasmus,Echinoparyphium,Echinostoma,Episthmium,Euparyphium, and Hypoderaeum). The family Plagiorchiidae follows the next containing 5 species in 1 genus (Plagiorchis). The family Lecithodendriidae includes 3 species in 2 genera (Phaneropsolus and Prosthodendrium). In 9 other families, 1 species in 1 genus each is involved; Cathaemaciidae (Cathaemacia), Fasciolidae (Fasciolopsis), Gastrodiscidae (Gastrodiscoides), Gymnophallidae (Gymnophalloides), Microphallidae (Spelotrema), Neodiplostomidae (Neodiplostomum), Paramphistomatidae (Fischoederius), Psilostomidae (Psilorchis), and Strigeidae (Cotylurus). Various types of foods are sources of human infections. They include freshwater fish, brackish water fish, fresh water snails, brackish water snails (including the oyster), amphibians, terrestrial snakes, aquatic insects, and aquatic plants. The reservoir hosts include various species of mammals or birds.The host-parasite relationships have been studied in Metagonimus yokogawai,Echinostoma hortense,Fasciolopsis buski,Neodiplostomum seoulense, and Gymnophalloides seoi; however, the pathogenicity of each parasite species and host mucosal defense mechanisms are yet poorly understood. Clinical aspects of each parasite infection need more clarification. Differential diagnosis by fecal examination is difficult because of morphological similarity of eggs. Praziquantel is effective for most intestinal fluke infections. Continued efforts to understand epidemiological significance of intestinal fluke infections, with detection of further human cases, are required.

Keywords: intestinal fluke, foodborne, heterophyid, echinostome, epidemiology, Asia.
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387. Chai JY,Nam HK,Kook J,Lee SH. The first discovery of an endemic focus of Heterophyes nocens (Heterophyidae) infection in Korea. Korean J Parasitol 1994;32:157–161.
388. Seo BS,Lee SH,Hong ST,Hong SJ,Kim CY,Lee HY. Studies on intestinal trematodes in Korea V. A human case infected by Fibricola seoulensis (Trematoda: Diplostomatidae). Korean J Parasitol 1982;20:93–99.
389. Quang TD,Duong TH,Richard-Lenoble D,Odermatt P,Khammanivong K. Emergence in humans of fascioliasis (from Fasciola gigantica) and intestinal distomatosis (from Fasciolopsis buski) in Laos. Sante 2008;18:119–124.
390. Lee SH,Hwang SW,Chai JY,Seo BS. Comparative morphology of eggs of heterophyids and Clonorchis sinensis causing human infections in Korea. Korean J Parasitol 1984;22:171–180.
391. Cho SY,Kim SI,Kang SY. Specific IgG antibody response in experimental cat metagonimiasis. Korean J Parasitol 1987;25:149–153.
392. Datta S,Mukerjee GS,Ghosh JD. Comparative efficacy of triclabendazole, oxyclozanide and rafoxanide against Fasciolopsis buski in naturally infected pigs. J Anim Health 2004;43:53–56.
393. Chai JY,Han MS,Seo M,Lee SH. Effects of gamma-irradiation on the survival and development of Gymnophalloides seoi in C3H mice. Korean J Parasitol 1996;34:21–25.
394. Rim HJ,Chu DS,Lee JS,Joo KH,Won CY. Anthelmintic effects of various drugs against metagonimiasis. Korean J Parasitol 1978;16:117–122.
395. Lee SH,Chai JY,Hong SJ,Jun YS,Seo BS. Anthelmintic effect of praziquantel (Distocide@) against Metagonimus yokogawai infection. J Korean Soc Chemother 1984;2:167–171.
396. Kumchoo K,Wongsawad C,Vanittanakom P,Chai JY,Rojanapaibul A. Effect of niclosamide on the tegumental surface of Haplorchis taichui using scanning electron microscopy. J Helminthol 2007;81:329–337.
397. Chai JY,Kim SJ,Kook J,Lee SH. Effects of gamma-irradiation on the survival and development of Metagonimus yokogawai metacercariae in rats. Korean J Parasitol 1995;33:297–303.